Low Birth Weight

DefinitionLow birth weight ( LBW ) is a new baby born weighing at birth less than 2500 g or lower ( WHO , 1961) .In this case can be divided into :

    pure prematurity
    Ie bayipada pregnancy < > corresponding weight .
    Intra- uterine fetal growth retardation ( IUGR )
    That babies born with low weight and not according to gestational age .etiologyCause of preterm birth is unknown , but there are several related factors , namely :

    maternal factors
        Nutrition during pregnancy is lacking , age less than 20 years or 35 years diaatas
        Pregnancy and birth spacing is too close , the work is too heavy
        Maternal chronic diseases : hypertension , heart disease , vascular disorders , smokers
    pregnancy factor
        Pregnant with hydramnios , multiple pregnancy , antepartum haemorrhage
        Complications of pregnancy : preeclampsia / eclampsia , premature rupture of membranes
    fetal factors
        Congenital defects , infection in utero
    Factor is still unknowncomplication

    Meconium aspiration syndrome , neonatal asphyxia , respiratory distress syndrome , hyaline membrane disease
    Dismatur gestasinya preterm especially when times are less than 35 weeks
    Hyperbilirubinemia , patent ductus arteriosus , ventricular brain hemorrhage
    Hypothermia , Hypoglycemia , Hypocalcemia , Anemia , blood clotting disorders
    Infection , Retrolental fibroplasia , necrotizing enterocolitis ( NEC )
    Bronchopulmonary dysplasia , malformations konginetalmanagement

    Adequate resuscitation , temperature regulation , oxygen therapy
    Supervision of the PDA ( Patent ductus arteriosus )
    Fluid and electrolyte balance , adequate nutrition
    Management of hyperbilirubinemia , infection treatment with appropriate antibiotics .Nursing Diagnosis Appears

    Ineffective breathing pattern b / d inadequate lung expansion
    Disruption of gas exchange b / d lack of alveolar ventilation secondary to surfactant deficiency
    High risk of impaired balance of fluid and electrolyte balance b / d inability of the kidneys to maintain fluid and electrolyte balance
    Changes in nutrition less than body requirements related to inadequate supplies of iron , calcium , high metabolism and intake is inadequate .
interventionNursing Diagnosis 1 :Ineffective breathing pattern b / d inadequate lung expansiongoals :Effective breathing patternsCriteria results :

    Decreased oxygen demand
    Spontaneous breath , adequate
    Not claustrophobic .
    There is no retractionintervention

    Give your head a little extension
    Give oxygen by appropriate method
    Observation rhythm , depth and frequency of breathing
Nursing Diagnosis 2 :Disruption of gas exchange b / d lack of alveolar ventilation secondary to surfactant deficiencygoals :Adequate gas exchangecriteria :

    No cyanosis .
    Normal blood gas analysis
    Normal oxygen saturation .intervention :

    Perform suction mucus if necessary
    Give oxygen by appropriate method
    Observation of skin color
    Measure oxygen saturation
    Observation signs of worsening respiratory
    Report a doctor if there are signs of worsening respiratory
    Collaboration in the examination of blood gas analysis
    Collaboration in the examination surfactant
Nursing Diagnosis 3 :High risk of impaired balance of fluid and electrolyte balance b / d inability of the kidneys to maintain fluid and electrolyte balancegoals :good hydrationcriteria :

    Elastic skin turgor
    There is no edema
    Production of urine 1-2 cc / kg / hour
    Blood electrolytes within normal limitsintervention :

    Observation of skin turgor .
    Record intake and output
    Collaboration in the provision of intravenous fluids and electrolytes
    Collaboration in the examination of blood electrolytes .
Nursing Diagnosis 4 :Changes in nutrition less than body requirements related to inadequate supplies of iron , calcium , high metabolism and intake is inadequategoals :adequate nutritioncriteria :

    Weight gain of 10-30 g / day
    There is no edema
    Protein and albumin blood within normal limitsintervention :

    Give ASI / PASI with appropriate methods
    Observation and record tolerance drink
    Weigh weight every day
    Record intake and output
    Collaboration in the provision of total parenteral nutrition if necessary .